% File asl.bst, version 1.0, March 1, 2000.

% Christos A. Kapoutsis, ckap@math.uoa.gr.

% This file carries the usual TEX-file non-warranty for results and

% it can be freely copied and re-distributed provided that IF IT IS

% CHANGED IN THE SLIGHTEST WAY, it must be RENAMED.

%%%====================================================================

%%%=-1== Important notes for the user =================================

%%%====================================================================

% COMMANDS THAT THE TEX USER SHOULD DEFINE

% Any LaTeX file that uses this BibTeX style, must have the following

% commands defined:

% 1. The command \bysame, as in (++).

% 2. The command \weaktie, as in (+).

% 3. The \biband, \bibetal commands.

% 4. The \jslname, \bslname commands, see (ynm).

% 5. The \yearmagic command, as in (@). See also (@@), for a

% relevant suggestion.

% 6. The \guysmagic command, as in (&). See also (&&).

% 7. The \guy command, to comply with syntax (**).

% 8. The \TheSortKeyIs command, as in (*).

% 9. The \bibfitem, \bibritem commands, to comply with syntax (!).

% See file asl.cls for examples of such definitions. (Or aslbstx.sty.)

% ASSUMPTIONS

% The following two assumptions are made:

% 1. No entry is such that the list of author names is immediately

% followed by the year of publication.

% 2. No entry is such that the list of author names is its last

% block.

% It is most probable that both these rules hold, since there should

% always be a title, which is positioned right after the name list.

% If they fail, then the \guysmagic & \yearmagic tricks may not work

% properly.

%%%====================================================================

%%%==0== General description ==========================================

%%%====================================================================

% THE BIBLIOGRAPHY STORY

% Read this section for a description of how a bibliography listing is

% created by LaTeX and BibTeX.

% Suppose I am preparing a paper in TeX, say `paper.tex', and I want a

% bibliography to be inserted into it. I do four things:

% 1. Prepare one or more bibliography databases, in the special

% format required by BibTeX (see [1],[3]). The names of the

% files that contain these databases should have the extension

% `bib'. Let them be `data1.bib', ..., `dataN.bib'.

% 2. Prepare one bibliography style file, in the special language

% recognized by BibTeX (see [2]). The name of that file should

% have the extension `bst'. Let it be `style.bst'. File `asl.bst'

% is such a file.

% 3. In `paper.tex', insert the command

% \bibliography{data1,..,dataN}

% at the point where the bibliography should appear, and also

% the command

% \bibliographystyle{style}

% anywhere before that.

% 4. In `paper.tex', insert the command

% \cite{name}

% each time I want to refer to an entry of the bibliography named

% `name'. I should also insert the command

% \nocite{name}

% if I want the entry named `name' to appear in the bibliography

% listing, ot the command

% \nocite{*}

% if I want all bibliography entries to appear in the listing.

% Then I type

% latex paper (LaTeX first pass)

% and LaTeX reads `paper.tex'. Processing this file, it creates a new

% file named `paper.aux'. In `paper.tex', a command of the form of the

% left column below causes the corresponding command in the right

% column to be printed into `paper.aux'.

% \bibliography{data1,..,dataN} \bibdata{data1,..,dataN}

% \bibliographystyle{style} \bibstyle{style}

% \cite{name} \citation{name} (#)

% \nocite{name} \citation{name}

% \nocite{*} \citation{*}

% This way, after the processing is over, `paper.aux' contains:

% A. The list of the names of all bibliography database files that

% I intend to use (parameters to the \bibdata command). That is,

% `data1.bib',..,`dataN.bib'.

% B. The name of bibliography style that I intend to use (parameter

% to the \bibstyle command). That is, `style.bst'.

% C. The names of the bibliography entries that I want to appear

% in the bibliography listing (parameters to the several

% \citation commands). Let them be `name1',..,`nameN'.

% D. \citation{*} iff I want all the entries of the bibliography

% databases to appear in the bibliography listing.

% Then I can type

% bibtex file

% and BibTeX will read `paper.aux', looking for the (#) commands and

% ignoring all other contents of the file. At the end, it has got all

% of the (A), (B), (C), (D) information. So, it executes `style.bst'

% over each one of `data1.bib',..,`dataN.bib', extracting from them

% the entries named `name1',...,`nameN' (or all entries, in case of

% \citation{*}) and printing them into a new file, named `paper.bbl',

% in a special TeX format (a `thebibliography' environment, which is

% just a special `list' environment).

% Then I can type

% latex paper (LaTeX second pass)

% and LaTeX first reads `paper.aux', ignoring each of the (#) commands

% (each one of these commands has a "gobbling" definition); the sole

% purpose of these commands is to pass information to BibTeX, not to

% LaTeX. In the sequel, LaTeX reads `paper.tex'. When it reaches the

% \bibliography{data1,..,dataN}

% command, it \input's `paper.bbl' (the file created by BibTeX, a

% `thebibliography' environment) which causes the bibliography listing

% to appear in the `paper.dvi' file.

% [ This \input is actually a command of the form

% \IfFileExists{paper.bbl}

% {\input paper.bbl}

% {\typeout{No file paper.bbl.}}

% and is also executed -with trival effects- during the first

% run of LaTeX. ]

% However, the content of `thebibliography' environment is not a simple

% list of \item's. It is actually a list of \bibitem's. And each one of

% them not only expands to an \item (thus making the list of \bibitem's

% something _more than_ a list of \item's), but also outputs a

% \bibcite{name}{label}

% command to `paper.aux'. This information is intended to pass to the

% next (third) LaTeX run and its meaning is that "the entry named

% `name' should have citation label `label'".

% Then I can type

% latex paper (LaTeX third pass)

% and LaTeX first reads again `paper.aux'. Each time a command

% \bibcite{name}{label}

% is read, the TeX control sequence `b@name' is defined to expand to

% `label'. Then, knowinf this new definition, LaTeX reads `paper.tex'.

% And, when the \cite{name} command appears, the `b@name' macro is

% expanded, to give `label' in place.

% In short, the whole process consists of the following steps:

% i. First pass of LaTeX.

% Reads .tex.

% Creates .aux, outputing there all information

% needed by BibTeX: \bibstyle,\bibdata,\citation.

% ii. Pass of BibTeX.

% Reads .aux.

% Creates .bbl = a `thebibliography' environment

% = a list of \bibitem's.

% iii. Second pass of LaTeX.

% Reads .aux, ignoring information intended for BibTeX.

% Then reads .tex, inputs .bbl at \bibliography.

% Creates .aux as in first pass; but also: Each \bibitem

% command outputs a \bibcite to .aux.

% iv. Third pass of LaTeX.

% Reads .aux, ignoring iformation intended for BibTeX,

% defining all \b@name macros out of \bibcite's.

% Then reads .tex, replaces \cite{name} with the expansion

% of \b@name, inputs .bbl at bibliography.

% Creates .aux as in second pass.

% WHAT A BIBLIOGRAPHY STYLE FILE (.bst file) DOES

% Read this section for a description of what a bibliography style

% file does (and also what asl.bst does).

% A bibliography style file (.bst file) is a program, written in

% BibTeX's special language (see [2],[4]), that describes how the

% bibliography database files (.bib files) that one includes in the

% `\bibliography' LaTeX command are to be processed.

% A style doesn't describe everything in how the databases are to be

% read; some things are fixed: in each database BibTeX expects to find

% a sequence of structures of the form (a spaces implies any nonempty

% sequence of blank characters: spaces, carriage returns, tabs etc.):

% @ENTRYTYPE {name, field1 = "value1", ..., fieldN = "valueN" }

% and ignores everything that is not contained in such a structure.

% Naturally, each such structure is intended to describe one entry of

% the database.

% Upon this fixed supposition, a style defines the following:

% (A) What entry types there are. The standard styles,

% allow the following 14 entry types:

% article, book, booklet, conference, inbook,

% incollection, inproceedings, manual, masterthesis,

% misc, phdthesis, proceedings, techreport, unpublished.

% The same goes for asl.bst, too.

% (B) What fields may be defined within each entry (any entry

% of an allowed type). The standard styles, allow the following

% 24 fields:

% address, annote, author, booktitle, chapter, crossref,

% edition, editor, howpublished, institution, journal,

% key, month, note, number, organization, pages,

% publisher, school, series, title, type, volume, year.

% In addition to these, asl.bst also allows the following:

% language, hardcite, hardlist, hardsort, hardxtra.

% The first one is just one more attribute of the publication

% that the entry describes. The `hard' ones enhance the

% flexibility of the user in formatting that entry in LaTeX.

% (C) How each one of the finally selected entries will be

% formatted in TeX.

% This special behavior of a style is determined in the following ways:

% (B) is specified by the ENTRY command. For asl.bst, see Section 1B.

% (C) is specified by defining a function whose name is the same with

% the name of the corresponding entry type. For example, to

% specify how the `article' entry type should be handled, one

% just defines a

% FUNCTION {article} { ... }

% that contains all actions to be performed for the processing of

% an entry of this type. (The function can access the value of

% any field of the entry, through the actual name of that field.)

% For asl.bst, see Section 4B.

% (A) is specified implicitly: An entry of type X that appears in the

% database is accepted by the style only if the style contains a

% FUNCTION {X} {...}

% which, by (C), also determines how this entry is formatted.

% (This way, more than the desired entry types are `accepted'.

% For example, asl.bst also accepts an entry of the type `not',

% because there is a function named this way. However, these extra

% entry types trigger only erroneous actions, most probably.)

% THE STUCTURE OF asl.bst

% The first task is the declarations: of the entry types (as explained

% by (A)), of the definable fields (as explained in (B)), of all

% variables used in the program (see [2]), and of the macros for month

% abbreviations (see [3]). These are all done in Section 1, Subsections

% 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D, respectively.

% The second task is reading the databases. This is done in Section 5

% (the easiest section, just one command). BibTeX reads all specified

% (via the \bibdata command) databases and constructs the list L of

% all selected (via \citation commands) entries.

% The third task is sorting list L. This is done in Section 6.

% The fourth task is calculating some extra fields for each entry.

% This is done in Section 7. The extra fields are the following:

% a. same.flag In Subsection 7B. This is either 1 or 0, depending

% on whether the entry follows another entry with the

% same author(s) or not.

% b. xtra.label In Subsection 7C. This is "a","b",... , when the

% entry belongs to a sublist of successive entries

% with the same author(s) & year. Otherwise, it is

% "".

% c. name.label In Subsection 7D. This is a list of one or more

% \guy commands, that contains proper punctuation &

% conjunctors and fully describes the author(s) of

% the entry. See below for what a \guy command does.

% The calculation of each field is done separately and requires one

% or two iterations over list L. It is possible to implement these

% calculations altogether, with only two iterations. Nevertheless,

% such an implementation would be too complicated and only a little

% faster.

% The last task is the creation of the .bbl file. This is done in

% Subsection 8.

% Section 2 contains several functions of general purpose.

% Section 3 contains the functions that are responsible for the

% output to the .bbl file.

% Section 4 contains all functions that implement the formatting

% of the entry fields (Subsection 4B) and then of the

% entries themselves (Subsection 4C).

% The main reason why these three sections do not come right before

% Section 8 is that all functions of Section 4 must have been declared

% when the READ command of Section 5 is executed. Otherwise, in

% accordance with (A), BibTeX wouldn't know what types of entries are

% acceptable.

% YEAR MAGIC

% Read this section, if you wonder what the \yearmagic command does.

% To make the style flexible, we have to allow that the year of an

% entry may appear at its beginning, like:

% Kapoutsis [2020] $\P=\NP$, Kapoutsis \& co, Koufalia.

% This implies that two tasks should be performed:

% 1. Printing the year at the beginning.

% 2. Not printing the year at its normal position, somewhere

% inside the entry.

% The first task can be accomplished through a proper definition of

% the \bib?item commands. This section discusses the trick that

% performs the second task.

% The first thought was the following: (i) We change the style so

% that, whenever year-relevant-stuff is to be printed, the string

% \yearmagic{year-relevant-stuff}

% is output instead of the intended string

% year-relevant-stuff

% and (ii) we define the command \yearmagic as

% \def\yearmagic#1{#1} or \def\yearmagic#1{}

% depending on whether we want the year to appear or disappear.

% This is fine, except for a problem with punctuation: If the

% year-relevant-stuff appears in an entry like that:

% A. ...Springer-Verlag, \yearmagic{2020}, pp. 20--21,...

% forcing it to disappear will lead to

% A'. ...Springer-Verlag, , pp. 20,...

% which is not what we wanted. Analogously, in the context

% B. ...Springer-Verlag, \yearmagic{1999}.

% the year's disappearence will give

% B'. ...Springer-Verlag, .

% On the contrary, everything is okay in contexts like

% C. ...Springer-Verlag, May\yearmagic{1999}, pp. 20,...

% D. ...Springer-Verlag, May\yearmagic{1999}.

% (that is, when something precedes the year-relevant-stuff in the

% same block), so long as we take care that the \yearmagic will be

% printed immediately after (no spaces) the preceding material and

% that its expansion, if nonempty, will start with a space.

% To beat this punctuation problem we change the \yearmagic command

% a bit. We give it one more argument (made first) which is intended

% to be either empty ("") or comma (","). Then, we correct the .bbl

% output so that cases A, B, C, D are printed like that:

% A*. ...Springer-Verlag\yearmagic{,}{1999}, pp. 20,...

% B*. ...Springer-Verlag\yearmagic{,}{1999}.

% C*. ...Springer-Verlag, May\yearmagic{}{1999}, pp. 20,...

% D*. ...Springer-Verlag, May\yearmagic{}{1999}.

% and we define \yearmagic as follows

% (@) \def\yearmagic#1#2{#1 #2} or \def\yearmagic#1#2{}

% depending on whether we want the year to appear or disappear. You

% can check that everything is okay now.

% Correcting the way A, B, C, D are printed is done:

% 1. in functions format.vol.year and format.date (the only

% functions that format strings with year-relevant-stuff).

% There it is obvious whether additional material is going to

% precede the year-relevant-stuff, so it is easy to decide

% what the first argument of the \yearmagic command should be.

% 2. in function output.nonnull. There, we check whether the

% block that is currently printed [the (i-1)'th block, in the

% terminology of that function's comments] will be followed by

% a block that contains the \yearmagic command with no preceding

% material. If so, no comma is inserted between the two blocks,

% exactly because the expansion of the \yearmagic command will

% provide this comma (if necessary). Otherwise, the comma is

% normally inserted.

% Remember that the style file should define the \yearmagic command

% as in (@). Suggestion: A couple of commands like the following

% (@@) \def\yearappear{\def\yearmagic##1##2{##1 ##2}}

% \def\yeardisappear{\def\yearmagic##1##2{}}

% will make the (dis)appearence of the year as easy as a declaration

% \yearappear or \yeardisappear

% anywhere before the bibliography.

% A complicated trick, for a complicated need.

% GUYS MAGIC

% Read this section, if you wonder what the \guysmagic command does.

% Apart from the year-relevant-stuff, the list of names (authors or

% editors) in an entry may also have to disappear. To this end:

% 1. The format.authors and format.editors functions were altered so

% that they enclose their return strings in a \guysmagic command.

% 2. The output.nonnull function is altered so that it does not

% append a comma to a \guysmagic block.

% 3. The \guysmagic macro must be defined, as follows

% (&) \def\guysmagic#1{#1,} or \guysmagic#1{}

% depending on whether we want the names to appear or not.

% As in `year magic', it is also possible to define

% (&&) \def\guysappear{\def\guysmagic##1{##1,}}

% \def\guysdisappear{\def\guysmagic##1{}}

% so that (dis)appearence of the names is a matter of simple

% declaration:

% \guysappear or \guysdisappear.

% REFERENCES

% [1] `BibTeXing'. Oren Patashnik, 8 February 1988.

% [2] `Designing BibTeX styles'. Oren Patashnik, 8 February 1988.

% [3] Appendix B of `LaTeX: A document preparation system'.

% Leslie Lamport, Addison-Wesley, 1986.

% [4] File btxbst.doc.

%%%====================================================================

%%%==1== Declarations =================================================

%%%====================================================================

%%%==1A. Entry types ==================================================

% According to [1], standard BibTeX style files should accept the

% following 14 different entry types:

% article, book, booklet, conference, inbook, incollection,

% inproceedings, manual, masterthesis, misc, phdthesis,

% proceedings, techreport, and unpublished.

% According to [2], there should also be a default entry type, named

% default.type,

% to handle all other cases. Each of these types is declared merely

% through the presence of a function of the same name, that handles

% the corresponding entries. All these functions can be found below,

% in Section 4C, immediately before the READ command.

%%%==1B. Entry fields =================================================

% According to [1], each entry (of any type) may contain any of the

% following 24 fields:

% address, annote, author, booktitle, chapter, crossref, edition,

% editor, howpublished, institution, journal, key, month, note,

% number, organization, pages, publisher, school, series, title,

% type, volume, year.

% Here, we also allow the following 5 new fields

% language, hardsort, hardxtra, hardcite, hardlist

% The first one is just one more attribute of the publication that the

% entry describes. The `hard' ones are explained below.

ENTRY

{ address

author

booktitle

chapter

edition

editor

howpublished

institution

journal

key

language

month

note

number

organization

pages

publisher

school

series

title

type

volume

year

% Sorting of the bibliography is done (Section 6) with respect to

% the sort.key$ field of the entries. This field is calculated for

% every entry (in function calc.sort.key) out of the values of the

% other entry fields and is also output in the .bbl file as the

% argument of a gobbling command named \TheSortKeyIs. Therefore, by

% inspecting the .bbl file, one can justify the order of the items.

% Note that the \TheSortKeyIs command is printed from function

% fin.entry. And its should merely gobble its argument:

% (*) \def\TheSortKeyIs#1{}

% To change this ordering of an entry, we use the hardsort field:

% First, we inspect the .bbl file to select the desired new position

% of the entry. Then, we insert into this entry the hardsort field

% and set it to any value between the sort.key$ values of the two

% bibliography items that are adjacent to the desired position. The

% next run of BibTeX will assign this value to the sort.key$ of the

% specific entry, causing it to sort right into the desired position.

hardsort

% First read the comments on the xtra.label entry variable below.

% Now suppose that two entries X,Y belong to the same author and were

% published in the same year. The automatic mechanism of section 7C

% decides one of them, say X, to have xtra.label "a" and the other

% one, Y, to have xtra.label "b". What happens if you don't like this

% assignment, but you would instead prefer it the other way round?

% We solve this problem as follows: We insert into both entries the

% hardxtra field and set it to "b" in X, and to "a" in Y. The next

% run of BibTeX will adopt the desired assignment.

% (This is done as follows: From 7C, it is clear that extra label

% "a" is assigned to the first --after sorting-- entry in the list,

% "b" is assigned to the second, etc. Therefore, to impose the

% assignment implied by the values of the hardxtra field, we need

% only force the corresponding ordering. But this we can achieve

% trivially by inserting these values into the sort.key$ strings,

% right after the year. This need only one line of code in function

% calc.sort.key.)

hardxtra

% There is always the possibility that the citation label (that is,

% the label used at the point of citation of the entry in the text)

% is not what we have in mind. In such a case the hardcite field

% should be inserted in the entry and set to the exact label that

% we want to appear at the point of citation.

% Analogously, the hardlist field can be used to force a particular

% label to appear next to the entry in the bibliography listing.

% Both these fields are just passed as arguments to the \bib?item

% commands, in the output.bibitem function of Section 3.

hardcite

hardlist

}

{ % In a sequence of two or more successive bibliography items that

% belong to the same author(s)/editor(s), all items after the first

% one should not print the explicit author(s)/editor(s) names. They

% should print a symbol (usually a long dash) denoting repetition.

% We suppose that this symbol is produced by the macro \bysame,

% (++) \def\bysame{\hrule width2cm}

% as an example. The same.flag entry variable is intended to be

% -- 0, if the entry should explicitly print the

% author(s)/editor(s) names.

% -- 1, if the entry repeats the author(s)/editor(s)

% names of the previous entry.

% Its value is decided in the iteration of section 7B and used in

% function format.authors of section 4B.

same.flag

% This is a number denoting whether the guys that (may) appear

% in the entry are editor(s) or not, as follows:

% value 0: no guys in the entry, or the guys are authors.

% value 1: one guy in the entry and this is an editor.

% value 2: more than one guy in the entry, all editors.

% Note that `nonauthor editors' are not taken into consideration

% in this calulation. I.e., when the entry has both editors and

% authors, the nofeditors field will be 0.

% The field is:

% a. defined here.

% b. calculated in Section 7E through a separate iteration over

% the list of entries.

% c. printed as the 5th argument of the corresponding \bib?item

% command (in output.bibitem) to the .bbl file.

nofeditors

}

{ % In a sequence of two or more successive bibliography items that

% belong to the same author(s)/editor(s), and were published in the

% same year, tags a,b,c,... should be appended to the years of all

% items. The xtra.label entry variable is intended to be

% -- "", if in this item no tag of this kind has to be appended.

% -- "a","b","c",... if the corresponding tag has to be appended.

% Its value is decided in the iteration of Subsection 7C and output

% as a \bib?item argument in function output.bibitem of Section 3.

xtra.label

% String name.label.one + ... + name.label.ten is intended to be

% a list of the \guy(s) of author(s)/editor(s) of the entry. It is

% computed by function calc.name.label in 7D and output by function

% output.bibitem to the .bbl file as a \bib?item argument.

% There should be only one variable, say name.label, for this string.

% But there are ten of them, because the string tends to be much

% longer than entry.max$ (see section 5.3 of [2]).

name.label.one

name.label.two

name.label.three

name.label.four

name.label.five

name.label.six

name.label.seven

name.label.eight

name.label.nine

name.label.ten

}

%%%==1C. Variables ====================================================

% Scratch variables.

STRINGS { r s t }

% Scratch variables.

INTEGERS { len i }

% Counters. Used by format functions.

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

% Flag. Is set to true when the construction of a bibitem starts

% (in output.bibitem) and is always false after the first block

% of the bibitem is output (in output.nonnull).

INTEGERS { at.bibitem.start }

% Flag. Use in multi.page.check, in 4A.

INTEGERS { multiresult }

% For sections 7B, 7C.

STRINGS { prev.author curr.author }

% For section 7C.

STRINGS { prev.year curr.year next.xtra }

% Index, for section 7D.

INTEGERS {active.nl.part}

%%%==1D. Month abbreviations ==========================================

% According to [3]'s Section 3, there should be the standard

% abbreviations for the names of months.

MACRO {jan} {"January"}

MACRO {feb} {"February"}

MACRO {mar} {"March"}

MACRO {apr} {"April"}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"June"}

MACRO {jul} {"July"}

MACRO {aug} {"August"}

MACRO {sep} {"September"}

MACRO {oct} {"October"}

MACRO {nov} {"November"}

MACRO {dec} {"December"}

%%%====================================================================

%%%==2== General purpose functions ====================================

%%%====================================================================

%%%==2A. Debugging ====================================================

% Commented out, since they are not currently used.

% % Prints the top (string) of the stack, without popping it.

% FUNCTION {shows}

% { duplicate$ ":::: `" swap$ * "'" * top$

% }

% % Pops and prints the whole stack.

% FUNCTION {showstack}

% {"### STACK #################################################" top$

% stack$

% "### ENDSTACK ##############################################" top$

% }

%%%==2B. Boolean operators ============================================

% Of one numerical argument. Returns 0 [1] if the argument is !=0 [0].

FUNCTION {not}

{ { #0 }

{ #1 }

if$

}

% Of two numerical arguments. Returns 0 [1] if these arguments aren't

% both 1 [are both 1].

FUNCTION {and}

{ 'skip$

{ pop$ #0 }

if$

}

% Of two numerical arguments. Returns 0 [1] if these arguments are

% both 0 [aren't both 0].

FUNCTION {or}

{ { pop$ #1 }

'skip$

if$

}

%%%==2C. Other ========================================================

% Of one string argument. If this is nonempty, returns it intact.

% Otherwise, returns "".

FUNCTION {field.or.null}

{ duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ "" }

'skip$

if$

}

% Issues a warning. For usage, see some place where it is used.

FUNCTION {either.or.check}

{ empty$

'pop$

{ "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }

if$

}

% Issues a warning. For usage, see some place where it is used.

FUNCTION {missing.warning}

{ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$

}

%%%====================================================================

%%%==3== Output to .bbl ===============================================

%%%====================================================================

% Writes to the file the top of the stack and a new line character.

FUNCTION {write.line}

{ write$ newline$

}

% Pushes onto the stack the name of the \bibitem-like command that

% should introduce the entry in the `thebibliography' environment,

% in the .bbl file. In every group of successive entries that have

% the same author(s)/editor(s), the first one (same.flag=0) is

% introduced with a "\bibfitem" command, while the rest (same.flag=1)

% are introduced with a "\bibritem" command.

FUNCTION {command.name}

{ same.flag #0 =

{ "\bibfitem" }

{ "\bibritem" }

if$

}

% Of no argument. Writes to the .bbl file the header of the bibitem

% for the current entry. This is how a bibitem construction starts.

% In correlation with function fin.entry that follows, output.bibitem

% should have been called "start.entry" instead.

% The intended syntax of the \bibfitem, \bibritem commands is:

% \bib?item 1. {citation key} (cite$)

% 2. {guys-list} (name.label.one,..,ten)

% (!) 3. {year} (year)

% 4. {tag} (xtra.label)

% 5. {`number' of editors} (nofeditors)

% 6. {hardcite} (hardcite)

% 7. {hardlist} (hardlist)

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}

{ newline$

command.name "{" * cite$ * "}" * write.line

"{" name.label.one * write$

name.label.two write$

name.label.three write$

name.label.four write$

name.label.five write$

name.label.six write$

name.label.seven write$

name.label.eight write$

name.label.nine write$

name.label.ten "}" * write.line

"{" year field.or.null * "}" * write$

"{" xtra.label * "}" * write$

"{" nofeditors int.to.str$ * "}" * write.line

"{" hardcite field.or.null * "}" * write$

"{" hardlist field.or.null * "}" * write.line

#1 'at.bibitem.start :=

% This last empty string is the first thing that will be written

% the next time write$ is called. Done this way because each

% item is saved on the stack until we find out what punctuation

% should be added after it. Therefore we need an empty first item.

}

% Of one string argument, the last part of a bibitem. It adds the

% proper punctuation and writes it to the .bbl file. It also outputs

% the sort key of the entry. This is how a bibitem construction ends.

FUNCTION {fin.entry}

{ add.period$ write.line

"\TheSortKeyIs{" sort.key$ * "}" * write.line

}

% Of one string argument, which should be a new, non null block of

% the current bibitem. Let it be the i'th block (i=1,2,..).

% At the moment the function is called, the element of the stack

% that lies immediately under this argument is a string containing

% the (i-1)'th bibitem block. [If i=1, then the argument of the

% function is the first bibitem block and immediately under it in

% the stack there is an empty string (""), put there by the second

% last line of output.bibitem.]

% So, the first line pops the i'th block off the stack, to reveal

% the (i-1)'th one. The last line pushes it back onto the stack.

% Then:

% --If i=1 (if at.bibitem.start=true)

% The (i-1)'th block is "". It is just popped off the stack.

% --If i>1 (if at.bibitem.start=false)

% The function knows that the (i-1)'th block will be followed

% by a nonempty one (the i'th one). Therefore, it can output to

% the .bbl file this (i-1)'th block and also a comma, to separate

% the two consequtive blocks from each other.

% There are two exceptions to the comma insertion:

% 1. When the i'th block is a "\yearmagic{,}{"-starting one

% then the comma will be inserted by the expansion of the

% \yearmagic macro (if necessary).

% 2. When the (i-1)'th block is a "\guysmagic"-starting one,

% then again the comma will be inserted by the macro.

% This is how the intermediate steps of a bibitem construction are

% performed. The two `output' functions that follow, call this one.

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}

{ 's :=

at.bibitem.start #1 =

{ pop$

#0 'at.bibitem.start :=

}

{ s #1 #14 substring$ "\yearmagic{,}{" =

{ write$ }

{ 'r :=

r #1 #11 substring$ "\guysmagic{" =

{ r " " * write$ }

{ r ", " * write$ }

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

% Of one string argument. Checks to see if this is empty. If not, it

% calls output.nonnull to write it out.

FUNCTION {output}

{ duplicate$ empty$

'pop$

'output.nonnull

if$

}

% Of two string arguments, a field name (held by t) and its value. If

% the value is nonnull, calls output.nonnull. Otherwise, it gives a

% warning on-screen that the given field is empty.

FUNCTION {output.check}

{ 't :=

duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ t missing.warning }

'output.nonnull

if$

}

%%%====================================================================

%%%==4== Formatting ===================================================

%%%====================================================================

%%%==4A. General auxiliary functions ==================================

% Of one string argument, e.g., s. Returns "{\em" * s * "}", if s is

% not null. Returns "" if s is null.

FUNCTION {emphasize}

{ duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ "" }

{ "{\em " swap$ * "}" * }

if$

}

% Of two string arguments, a font name t and a field name s. Returns

% "{" * t * " " * s * "}". For example,

% title "\em" apply.font

% is equivalent to

% title emphasize .

FUNCTION {apply.font}

{ 't :=

duplicate$ empty$

{ pop$ "" }

{ "{" t * " " * swap$ * "}" * }

if$

}

% Used to make sure page ranges get the TeX code (two hyphens) for

% en-dashes.

FUNCTION {n.dashify}

{ 't :=

{ t empty$ not }

{ t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =

{ t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not

{ "--" *

t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

}

{ { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }

{ "-" *

t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

}

while$

}

if$

}

{ t #1 #1 substring$ *

t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

}

if$

}

while$

}

% Of one string argument, which should be the contents of the

% pages field. Decides whether this is a representation of one

% or of many pages (so that p. or pp. is used, see format.pages).

FUNCTION {multi.page.check}

{ 't :=

#0 'multiresult :=

{ multiresult not

t empty$ not

and

}

{ t #1 #1 substring$

duplicate$ "-" =

swap$ duplicate$ "," =

swap$ "+" =

or or

{ #1 'multiresult := }

{ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }

if$

}

while$

multiresult

}

% Of two string arguments. Connects them with a ~ if the second

% one is less than 3 letters long, otherwise it puts an ordinary

% space. Returns this concatenation.

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}

{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <

{ "~" }

{ " " }

if$

swap$ * *

}

% Of one string argument. Returns it augmented by a space

% character. If the argument is empty, simply returns it.

FUNCTION {add.space.if.necessary}

{ duplicate$ "" =

'skip$

{ " " * }

if$

}

% Of one string argument, which must be name. Formats this name as:

% First von Last, Jr.

% (i.e., first name first, no abbreviating to initials).

FUNCTION {format.names}

{ 's :=

#1 'nameptr :=

s num.names$ 'numnames :=

numnames 'namesleft :=

{ namesleft #0 > }

{ s nameptr "{ff~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't :=

nameptr #1 >

{ namesleft #1 >

{ ", " * t * }

{ numnames #2 >

{ "," * }

'skip$

if$

t "others" =

{ " \bibetal " * }

{ " \biband{} " * t * }

if$

}

if$

}

if$

nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=

namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=

}

while$

}

% Checks whether a misc entry is completely empty.

FUNCTION {empty.misc.check}

{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$

month empty$ year empty$ note empty$

and and and and and

key empty$ not and

{ "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }

'skip$

if$

}

%%%==4B. Formatting of fields =========================================

% language is an extra field. Format as: (<language>)

FUNCTION {format.language}

{ language empty$

{ "" }

{ " (" language * ")" * }

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.authors}

{ author empty$

{ "" }

{ "\guysmagic{"

same.flag #1 =

{"\bysame"}

{ author format.names "\scshape" apply.font }

if$

* "}" *

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.editors}

{ editor empty$

{ "" }

{ "\guysmagic{"

editor format.names *

editor num.names$ #1 >

{ " (editors)" }

{ " (editor)" }

if$

* "}" *

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.nonauthor.editors}

{ editor empty$

{ "" }

{ editor format.names

editor num.names$ #1 >

{ ", editors" * }

{ ", editor" * }

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.title}

{ title empty$

{ "" }

{ title "t" change.case$ emphasize }

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.booktitle}

{ title empty$

{ "" }

{ title "t" change.case$ "\bfseries\itshape" apply.font }

if$

}

% (ynm) If the value of the journal field is either "The Journal

% of Symbolic Logic" or "Journal of Symbolic Logic", it is replaced

% with \jslname. If it is "The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic" or

% "Bulletin of Symbolic Logic", it is replaced with \bslname. Then,

% asl.cls defines these commands so that the correct output is given,

% depending on the publications

FUNCTION {format.journal}

{ journal empty$

{ "journal name" missing.warning "" }

{ journal "The Journal of Symbolic Logic" =

journal "Journal of Symbolic Logic" =

{ "{\normalfont \jslname}" }

{ journal "The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic" =

journal "Bulletin of Symbolic Logic" =

{ "{\normalfont \bslname}" }

{ journal "\bfseries\itshape" apply.font }

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

% (+) For the phrase "vol." we don't add a following ~ because

% absolute prohibition of a line break there might be too stringent

% (consider that the volume number might be three or even more

% digits). Instead we use \weaktie.

FUNCTION {format.vol.year}

{ volume empty$

{ "" %'skip$ :here lay the bug!

"," 's := %remember the \yearmagic parameter.

}

{ "vol.\weaktie " volume *

"" 's := %remember the \yearmagic parameter.

}

if$

year empty$

{ "year" missing.warning }

{ "\yearmagic{" * s * "}{(" * year * ")}" * }

if$

}

% Formats the issue number of a journal article.

FUNCTION {format.number}

{ number empty$

{ "" }

{ "no.\weaktie " number * }

if$

}

% Formats miscellaneous dates

FUNCTION {format.date}

{ year empty$

{ month empty$

{ "" }

{ "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$

month

}

if$

}

{ month empty$

{ "\yearmagic{,}{" year * "}" * }

{ month "\yearmagic{}{" * year * "}" * }

if$

}

if$

}

% The volume, series and number information is sort of tricky.

% This code handles it as follows:

% If the series is present, and the volume, but not the number,

% then we do "{\em Book title}, Series Name, vol. 000"

% If the series is present, and the number, but not the volume,

% then we do "{\em Book title}, Series Name, no. 000"

% If the series is present, and both number and volume,

% then we do "{\em Book title}, vol. XX, Series Name, no. 000"

% Finally, if the series is absent,

% then we do "{\em Book title}, vol. XX"

% or "{\em Book title}, no. 000"

% and if both volume and number are present, give a warning message.

FUNCTION {format.bookvolume.series.number}

{ volume empty$

% If the volume is EMPTY:

{ "" % Push the empty string as a placeholder in case everything else

% is empty too.

series empty$

'skip$

{ pop$ series } % if series is not empty put in stack

if$

number empty$

'skip$

{ duplicate$ empty$ % if no preceding material,

'skip$ % do nothing, otherwise

{ ", " * } % add a comma and space to separate.

if$

"no." number tie.or.space.connect * % add the number information

}

if$

}

% If the volume is NOT EMPTY:

{ "vol." volume tie.or.space.connect % vol. XX

number empty$

{ series empty$

'skip$

{ series ", " * swap$ *} % Series Name, vol. XX

if$

}

{ series empty$

{ "can't use both volume and number if series info is missing"

warning$

"in BibTeX entry type `" type$ * "'" * top$

}

{ ", " * series * ", no." * number tie.or.space.connect }

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

% Used by inproceedings entry types

FUNCTION {format.inproc.title.address.editors}

{ booktitle empty$

{ "" }

{ booktitle "t" change.case$ "\bfseries\itshape" apply.font }

if$

% We add parentheses around the address

% (place where conference was held).

address empty$

'skip$

{ add.space.if.necessary "(" * address * ")" * }

if$

% Likewise we add parentheses around the editors' names.

editor empty$

'skip$

{ add.space.if.necessary "(" * format.nonauthor.editors * ")" * }

if$

}

% Similar to format.inproc... but omits the address. For collections

% that are not proceedings volumes.

FUNCTION {format.incoll.title.editors}

{ booktitle empty$

{ "" }

{ booktitle "t" change.case$ "\bfseries\itshape" apply.font }

if$

% We add parentheses around the editors' names.

editor empty$

'skip$

{ add.space.if.necessary "(" * format.nonauthor.editors * ")" * }

if$

}

% Desired output for format.number.series:

% Lecture Notes in Math., no.~1224

FUNCTION {format.number.series}

{ series empty$

{ number empty$

{ "" }

{ "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }

if$

}

{ series

number empty$

'skip$

{ ", no.\weaktie " * number * }

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.edition}

{ edition empty$

{ "" }

{ at.bibitem.start #0 =

{ edition "l" change.case$ " ed." * }

{ edition "t" change.case$ " ed." * }

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.pages}

{ pages empty$

{ "" }

{ pages multi.page.check

{ "pp.\weaktie " pages n.dashify * }

{ "p.\weaktie " pages * }

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.book.pages}

{ format.pages

}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}

{ chapter empty$

'format.pages

{ type empty$

{ "ch.\weaktie " }

{ type "l" change.case$ " " * }

if$

chapter *

pages empty$

'skip$

{ ", " * format.book.pages * }

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}

{ type empty$

'skip$

{ pop$

type "t" change.case$

}

if$

"\bfseries\itshape" apply.font

}

FUNCTION {format.tr.number}

{ type empty$

{ "Technical Report" }

'type

if$

number empty$

{ "t" change.case$ }

{ number tie.or.space.connect }

if$

"\bfseries\itshape" apply.font

}

% The format.crossref functions haven't been paid much attention

% at the present time (June 1990) and could probably use some

% work. MJD

FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}

{ key empty$

{ journal empty$

{ "need key or journal for " cite$ * " to crossref " * crossref *

warning$

}

{ "In " journal * }

if$

}

{ "In " key * }

if$

" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.crossref.editor}

{ editor #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$

editor num.names$ duplicate$

#2 >

{ pop$ " \bibetal{}" * }

{ #2 <

'skip$

{ editor #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =

{ " \bibetal{}" * }

{ " \biband{} " * editor #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ * }

if$

}

if$

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}

{ volume empty$

{ "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$

"In "

}

{ "Vol." volume tie.or.space.connect

" of " *

}

if$

editor empty$

editor field.or.null author field.or.null =

{ key empty$

{ series empty$

{ "need editor, key, or series for " cite$ * " to crossref " *

crossref * warning$

"" *

}

{ series * }

if$

}

{ key * }

if$

}

{ format.crossref.editor * }

if$

" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}

{ editor empty$

editor field.or.null author field.or.null =

{ key empty$

{ booktitle empty$

{ "need editor, key, or booktitle for " cite$ * " to crossref " *

crossref * warning$

}

{ "In {\em " booktitle * "\/}" * }

if$

}

{ "In " key * }

if$

}

{ "In " format.crossref.editor * }

if$

" \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

%%%==4C. Formatting of entries ========================================

FUNCTION {article}

{ output.bibitem

format.authors "author" output.check

format.title "title" output.check

crossref missing$

{ format.journal output

format.vol.year output

format.number output

format.pages "pages" output.check

}

{ format.article.crossref output.nonnull

format.pages output

}

if$

format.language *

note output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {book}

{ output.bibitem

author empty$

{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check }

{ format.authors output.nonnull

crossref missing$

{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }

'skip$

if$

}

if$

format.booktitle "title" output.check

format.edition output

crossref missing$

{ format.bookvolume.series.number output

publisher "publisher" output.check

address output

}

{ format.book.crossref output.nonnull

}

if$

format.date "year" output.check

format.language *

note output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {booklet}

{ output.bibitem

format.authors output

format.title "title" output.check

howpublished output

address output

format.date output

note output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {conference}

{ output.bibitem

format.authors "author" output.check

format.title "title" output.check

crossref missing$

{ format.inproc.title.address.editors "booktitle" output.check

format.bookvolume.series.number output

organization output

publisher output

format.date "year" output.check

}

{ format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull

}

if$

note output

format.book.pages output

format.language *

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {inbook}

{ output.bibitem

author empty$

{ format.editors "author and editor" output.check }

{ format.authors output.nonnull

crossref missing$

{ "author and editor" editor either.or.check }

'skip$

if$

}

if$

title "title" output.check

crossref missing$

{ format.bookvolume.series.number output

format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check

format.number.series output

publisher "publisher" output.check

address output

}

{ format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check

format.book.crossref output.nonnull

}

if$

format.edition output

format.date "year" output.check

format.book.pages output

format.language *

note output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {incollection}

{ output.bibitem

format.authors "author" output.check

format.title "title" output.check

crossref missing$

{ format.incoll.title.editors "booktitle" output.check

format.bookvolume.series.number output

publisher "publisher" output.check

address output

format.edition output

format.date "year" output.check

}

{ format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull

}

if$

note output

format.book.pages output

format.language *

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {inproceedings}

{ conference

}

FUNCTION {manual}

{ output.bibitem

author empty$

{ organization empty$

'skip$

{ organization output.nonnull

address output

}

if$

}

{ format.authors output.nonnull }

if$

format.title "title" output.check

author empty$

{ organization empty$

{ address output }

'skip$

if$

}

{ organization output

address output

}

if$

format.edition output

format.date output

note output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {mastersthesis}

{ output.bibitem

format.authors "author" output.check

format.title "title" output.check

"Master's thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull

school "school" output.check

address output

format.date "year" output.check

note output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {misc}

{ output.bibitem

format.authors output

format.title output

howpublished output

format.date output

note output

format.book.pages output

fin.entry

empty.misc.check

}

FUNCTION {phdthesis}

{ output.bibitem

format.authors "author" output.check

format.title "title" output.check

"Ph.D. thesis" format.thesis.type output.nonnull

school "school" output.check

address output

format.date "year" output.check

note output

format.book.pages output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {proceedings}

{ output.bibitem

editor empty$

{ organization output }

{ format.editors output.nonnull }

if$

format.title "title" output.check

format.bookvolume.series.number output

address empty$

{ editor empty$

'skip$

{ organization output }

if$

publisher output

format.date "year" output.check

}

{ address output.nonnull

editor empty$

'skip$

{ organization output }

if$

publisher output

format.date "year" output.check

}

if$

note output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {techreport}

{ output.bibitem

format.authors "author" output.check

format.title "title" output.check

format.tr.number output.nonnull

institution "institution" output.check

address output

format.date "year" output.check

note output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {unpublished}

{ output.bibitem

format.authors "author" output.check

format.title "title" output.check

note "note" output.check

format.date output

fin.entry

}

FUNCTION {default.type}

{ misc

}

%%%====================================================================

%%%==5== Input ========================================================

%%%====================================================================

READ

%%%====================================================================

%%%==6== Sort =========================================================

%%%====================================================================

% SORTING

% To sort the list of entries, we must first compute the sort.key$

% (this is an entry field, implicitly defined for all entries) by

% executing function "presort" on each entry. Then, based on the

% sort.key$ values, the SORT command can sort the entire list. So,

% the code is

% ITERATE {presort} % Calculate the sort.key$'s.

% SORT % Use the sort.key$'s to sort the list.

% in section 6C.

% For each entry, the sort.key$ is calculated as follows:

% -- If the hardsort field was defined in this entry: Then the

% calculation of sort.key$ is easy: simply assign to it the value of

% the hardsort field. This way we can manually control the position

% of any entry in the bibliography list. (For each entry the .bbl file

% will always contain the value of its sort.key$ as an argument to the

% gobbling macro \TheSortKeyIs.)

% -- If the hardsort field was not defined in this entry: Then

% the sort.key$ is the concatenation of a number of `sortify'ed strings

% (see function `sortify' below), with multiple blanks between them.

% [ This makes, e.g., "brinch per" come before "brinch hansen per". ]

% The fields used here are: the author names [or editor names or

% organization (with a leading "The " removed) or key field, depending

% on entry type and on what's empty], followed by year, followed by the

% first bit of the title (chopping off a leading "The ", "A ", or

% "An "). Names are formatted as:

% Von Last First Junior.

% The names within a part will be separated by a single blank (such as

% "brinch hansen"), two will separate the name parts themselves (except

% the von and last), three will separate the names, four will separate

% the names from year (and from label, if alphabetic), and four will

% separate year from title.

%%%==6A. General purpose functions ====================================

% Of one string argument. Returns in purify$ed and in lower case.

FUNCTION {sortify}

{ purify$

"l" change.case$

}

% Of three arguments, a string w, an integer len, a string s. Returns

% either s or, if the first len letters of s equals w, it returns the

% part of s after w.

FUNCTION {chop.word}

{ 's :=

'len :=

s #1 len substring$ = %compares with w (which is in the stack).

{ s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }

if$

}

% Of one string argument, that should be in BibTeX name format. Returns

% a string containing " "-separated names in the format described

% above.

FUNCTION {sort.format.names}

{ 's :=

#1 'nameptr :=

s num.names$ 'numnames :=

numnames 'namesleft :=

{ namesleft #0 > }

{ nameptr #1 >

{ " " * } % Exactly three spaces in the blank string.

'skip$

if$

s nameptr "{vv{ } }{ll{ }}{ ff{ }}{ jj{ }}" format.name$ 't :=

nameptr numnames = t "others" = and

{ "et al" * }

{ t sortify * }

if$

nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=

namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=

}

while$

}

% Of one string argument, a title. Returns the string after chopping

% off any "A ", "An ", "The " -prefix, purifying, case lowering and

% to-global.max$ chopping.

FUNCTION {sort.format.title}

{ 't :=

"A " #2

"An " #3

"The " #4 t chop.word

chop.word

sortify

#1 global.max$ substring$

}

%%%==6B. Calculation of the sort.key$ =================================

FUNCTION {author.sort}

{ author empty$

{ key empty$

{ "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$

}

{ key sortify }

if$

}

{ author sort.format.names }

if$

}

FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}

{ author empty$

{ editor empty$

{ key empty$

{ "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$

}

{ key sortify }

if$

}

{ editor sort.format.names }

if$

}

{ author sort.format.names }

if$

}

FUNCTION {author.organization.sort}

{ author empty$

{ organization empty$

{ key empty$

{ "to sort, need author, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$

}

{ key sortify }

if$

}

{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }

if$

}

{ author sort.format.names }

if$

}

FUNCTION {editor.organization.sort}

{ editor empty$

{ organization empty$

{ key empty$

{ "to sort, need editor, organization, or key in " cite$ * warning$

}

{ key sortify }

if$

}

{ "The " #4 organization chop.word sortify }

if$

}

{ editor sort.format.names }

if$

}

FUNCTION {calc.sort.key}

{ type$ "book" =

type$ "inbook" =

'author.editor.sort

{ type$ "proceedings" =

'editor.organization.sort

{ type$ "manual" =

'author.organization.sort

'author.sort

if$

}

if$

}

if$

" " * % Exactly four spaces in the blank string.

year field.or.null sortify *

hardxtra field.or.null sortify * % Insert the hardxtra field.

" " * % Exactly four spaces in the blank string.

title field.or.null sort.format.title *

#1 entry.max$ substring$

'sort.key$ :=

}

FUNCTION {presort}

{ hardsort missing$

{ calc.sort.key }

{ hardsort 'sort.key$ := }

if$

}

%%%==6C. Sorting ======================================================

ITERATE {presort}

SORT

%%%====================================================================

%%%==7== Calculate ====================================================

%%%====================================================================

%%%==7A. General functions ============================================

% Returns the author, if nonempty, otherwise the editor, if nonempty,

% otherwise the empty string.

FUNCTION {author.editor.null}

{ author empty$

{ editor empty$

{ "" }

'editor

if$

}

'author

if$

}

% Of one string argument. Returns this, if not "". Otherwise, the

% dummy string "abcxyz" is returned.

FUNCTION {string.or.dummy}

{ 's :=

s "" =

{ "abcxyz" }

{ s }

if$

}

%%%==7B. Calculate same.flag ==========================================

% Just prepares the two string variables needed.

FUNCTION {init.calc.same.flag}

{ "abcxyz" 'prev.author :=

"" 'curr.author :=

}

% Calculates the `author' of the current entry into curr.author. Then

% compares this `author' with the one of the previous entry. If they

% are the same, then \bysame should appear in the current entry. The

% flag to mark it is the same.flag entry variable.

FUNCTION {calc.same.flag}

{ author.editor.null 'curr.author :=

curr.author prev.author =

{ #1 'same.flag := }

{ #0 'same.flag :=

curr.author string.or.dummy 'prev.author :=

}

if$

}

EXECUTE {init.calc.same.flag}

ITERATE {calc.same.flag}

%%%==7C. Calculate xtra.label =========================================

% Just initialize the variables.

FUNCTION {init.calc.xtra.label}

{ "abcxyz" 'prev.author :=

"abcxyz" 'prev.year :=

"" 'curr.author :=

"" 'curr.year :=

"a" 'next.xtra :=

}

FUNCTION {calc.xtra.label.fore}

{ author.editor.null 'curr.author :=

year field.or.null 'curr.year :=

curr.author prev.author =

curr.year prev.year =

and

{ next.xtra chr.to.int$ #1 + int.to.chr$ 'next.xtra :=

next.xtra 'xtra.label :=

}

{ "a" 'next.xtra :=

"" 'xtra.label :=

curr.author string.or.dummy 'prev.author :=

curr.year string.or.dummy 'prev.year :=

}

if$

}

FUNCTION {calc.xtra.label.back}

{ "b" next.xtra =

{ "a" 'xtra.label := }

'skip$

if$

xtra.label 'next.xtra :=

}

EXECUTE {init.calc.xtra.label}

ITERATE {calc.xtra.label.fore}

EXECUTE {init.calc.xtra.label}

REVERSE {calc.xtra.label.back}

%%%==7D. Calculate name.label =========================================

% Sets all name.label parts to the empty string. No part is active.

FUNCTION {nl.init}

{ "" 'name.label.one :=

"" 'name.label.two :=

"" 'name.label.three :=

"" 'name.label.four :=

"" 'name.label.five :=

"" 'name.label.six :=

"" 'name.label.seven :=

"" 'name.label.eight :=

"" 'name.label.nine :=

"" 'name.label.ten :=

#0 'active.nl.part :=

}

% Of one string argument, t. Appends it to the currently active

% part of name.label.

FUNCTION {nl.stick}

{ 't :=

#1 active.nl.part = { name.label.one t * 'name.label.one := }

{ #2 active.nl.part = { name.label.two t * 'name.label.two := }

{ #3 active.nl.part = { name.label.three t * 'name.label.three := }

{ #4 active.nl.part = { name.label.four t * 'name.label.four := }

{ #5 active.nl.part = { name.label.five t * 'name.label.five := }

{ #6 active.nl.part = { name.label.six t * 'name.label.six := }

{ #7 active.nl.part = { name.label.seven t * 'name.label.seven := }

{ #8 active.nl.part = { name.label.eight t * 'name.label.eight := }

{ #9 active.nl.part = { name.label.nine t * 'name.label.nine := }

{ #10 active.nl.part = { name.label.ten t * 'name.label.ten := }

{ "looong name label in " cite$ * warning$ }

if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$ } if$

}

% Of one string argument, t. Appends it to the next part of the

% name.label, which is made active.

FUNCTION {nl.append}

{ active.nl.part #1 + 'active.nl.part :=

nl.stick

}

% Of two arguments: a string r (a list of names in BibTeX format) and

% an integer i (>0). Returns a string containing the \guy command that

% corresponds to the i'th name in r. Format of \guy is

% (**) \guy{first name initials}{first}{von}{last}{junior}

FUNCTION {format.guy}

{ 'i :=

'r :=

"\guy{"

r i "{f.}" format.name$ * "}{" *

r i "{ff}" format.name$ * "}{" *

r i "{vv}" format.name$ * "}{" *

r i "{ll}" format.name$ * "}{" *

r i "{jj}" format.name$ * "}" *

}

% Of one string argument, a list of names in BibTeX format. Computes a

% string containing the corresponding list of \guy's, with the proper

% punctuation and conjunctor. The string is stored in name.label.one,

% name.label.two, name.label.three through the nl.append function. In

% simple notation:

% FUNCTION make.name.label(s)

% { numnames := num.names$(s)

% namesleft := numnames

% nameptr := 1

% nl.init

% while$(namesleft > 0)

% { if (nameptr = 1)

% nl.append( format.guy(s,nameptr) )

% else

% if (namesleft = 1)

% if (format.name$(s,nameptr,"{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}") = "others")

% nl.stick( " et~al." )

% else

% { nl.stick( (numnames > 2 ? ", and ":" and ") )

% nl.append( format.guy(s,nameptr) )

% }

% else

% { nl.stick( ", " )

% nl.append( format.guy(s,nameptr) )

% }

% nameptr := nameptr + 1

% namesleft := namesleft - 1

% }

FUNCTION {make.name.label}

{ 's :=

s num.names$ 'numnames :=

numnames 'namesleft :=

#1 'nameptr :=

nl.init

{ namesleft #0 > }

{ nameptr #1 =

{ s nameptr format.guy nl.append }

{ namesleft #1 =

{ s nameptr "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =

{ " et~al." nl.stick }

{ numnames #2 >

{ ", and " }

{ " and " }

if$

nl.stick

s nameptr format.guy nl.append

}

if$

}

{ ", " nl.stick

s nameptr format.guy nl.append

}

if$

}

if$

nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=

namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=

}

while$

}

% Calculates the name.label out of authors/editors. In simple notation:

% name.label := author!=empty ? make.name.label(author):

% editor!=empty ? make.name.label(editor): ""

FUNCTION {calc.name.label}

{ author empty$

{ editor empty$

{ ""

"no names at all in " cite$ * warning$

}

{ editor }

if$

}

{ author }

if$

make.name.label

}

ITERATE {calc.name.label}

%%%==7E. Calculate nofeditors =========================================

% Extracts the number of editors that appear in the editor field of

% the entry and saves it into nofeditors. It may be called by

% calc.nofeditors; only if the editor field should be consulted.

FUNCTION {extract.nofeditors}

{ editor empty$

{ #0 'nofeditors := }

{ editor num.names$ #1 >

{ #2 'nofeditors := }

{ #1 'nofeditors := }

if$

}

if$

}

% Calculates the nofeditors field. This is like that:

% if [ (type$ = "book" or "inbook") and (author is empty) ]

% or [ (type$ = "inproceedings") and (editor in nonempty) ]

% then nofeditors := `number' of names in the editor field

% else nofeditors := 0.

% where `number' of names = 0, if the editor field is empty / 1, if

% exactly one name in the editor field/ 2, if more than 2 names in

% the editor field.

% IMPORTANT: The condition for the if command should be true iff

% the format.editors function will be called for the entry.

FUNCTION {calc.nofeditors}

{ type$ "book" =

type$ "inbook" =

author empty$

and

type$ "proceedings" =

editor empty$ not

and

{ extract.nofeditors }

{ #0 'nofeditors := }

if$

}

ITERATE {calc.nofeditors}

%%%====================================================================

%%%==8== Output =======================================================

%%%====================================================================

%%%==8A. Functions ====================================================

FUNCTION {begin.bib}

{ preamble$ empty$

'skip$

{ preamble$ write.line

newline$ newline$

}

if$

"\begin{thebibliography}{}" write.line

}

FUNCTION {end.bib}

{ newline$

"\end{thebibliography}" write.line

}

%%%==8B. The actual output ============================================

EXECUTE {begin.bib}

ITERATE {call.type$}

EXECUTE {end.bib}